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Program Reports and Publications

Below is a list of project summaries or supporting articles related to the Montana Bioenergy Program, and most are available upon request. Requests for SAE papers and a few other documents can be made to the authors or publishers. Additionally, some documents can be sent via E-mail or diskette.

Biodiesel Production Educational Materials | Biodiesel Testing and Use, Truck In The Park Demonstration Project | Snowmobile in the Park Project Documents

GENERAL

  • Emissions From Snowmobile Engines Using Bio-based Fuels And Lubricants: Jeff J. White and James N. Carroll of  Southwest Research Institute and Howard E. Haines, Montana Department of Environmental Quality.
  • Montana Bioenergy Program Focuses on Petroleum Substitutes as transportation Fuels: A 3-page general summary of the Montana Bioenergy Program. 5.1 (DOS) file: bpyrbk.wp
  • E-85 Vehicle Demonstration and Technology Transfer: A one page description of the E-85 Demonstration run by EPAC. WP5.1 file E85yrbk.wp
  • Project Summary of E-85 Vehicle Demonstration and Technology Transfer: A 3-page status report and summary of the E-85 Demonstration. WP5.1 file E85sum.wp
  • Ziejewski, Mariusz, Hass J. Goettler, Howard E. Haines, Chor Haung. June 1996. EMA Durability Tests on High Oleic Sunflower and Safflower Oils in Diesel Engines. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE), New York, NY 10001. SAE 951540. This paper compares durability and deposits of diesel fuel with high oleic vegetable oils, methyl soyate, and blends.
  • Ziejewski, Mariusz, Hass J. Goettler, Howard E. Haines, Chor Houng. September 1995. Comparative Analysis of Plant Oil Based Fuels. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE), New York, NY 10001. SAE 952061. This paper compares regulated emissions of 29 fuels and blends from a diesel engine. The purpose was to screen for blends or fuels that would have commercial interest for reducing diesel emissions.

Biodiesel Production Educational Materials and Presentations

  • Developing a Business Case for Sustainable Biomass Generation: A Regional Model for Western Montana
    This report explores the feasibility of developing sustainable, woody biomass-fueled Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants at sawmills in western Montana to supply a portion of NorthWestern Energy's (NWE) required renewable energy portfolio.
  • A Montana Biodiesel Overview:
    This DEQ power point presentation describes what biodiesel in Montana is and is not, summarizes the oilseed value chain, benefits of biodiesel, past and current use, how production may grow in Montana and its potential implications, and items to know before making biodiesel.
  • Biodiesel Economics:
    This University of Idaho presentation provides an overview of biodiesel production costs, equipment costs, and how these costs relate to a project’s profitability and sale price (January 2008 in Billings).
  • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidebook:
    This document is a guide for those who blend, distribute, and use biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It is intended to help fleets and individual users, blenders, distributors, and those involved in related activities understand procedures for handling and using biodiesel fuels.
  • Biodiesel Quality:
    This University of Idaho PowerPoint presentation covers the changes of the national biodiesel blending stock fuel specification ASTM D6751-06b (the 2006 update of the biodiesel standard). It describes the tests, reasons for the tests, and possible impacts to engine and fueling systems (Billings, January 2008).
  • Biodiesel Use and Consumption:
    This University of Idaho presentation briefly summarizes the common blend rates, uses of biodiesel, concerns with use of biodiesel, engine warranties, and fleet operation management considerations (January 2008).
  • Camelina Oilseeds and Biodiesel: On-farm Whole Cycle Operation, by Ken DeBoerer. This presentation describes the first-year effort of planting, harvesting, and extracting camelina oil seed on dry land conditions to make biodiesel and animal feed. (January 2008, Billings, MT)
  • Combined Federal Government Assistance for Biodiesel and Ethanol:
    This four page December 2007 summary was prepared by the Montana Department of Agriculture and DEQ. It briefly describes programs and contacts to help finance biodiesel and ethanol production in the U.S.
  • Combined Montana Government Assistance for Biodiesel and Ethanol:
    This twelve page December 2007 summary was prepared by the Montana Department of Agriculture and DEQ. It briefly describes programs and contacts to help finance biodiesel and ethanol production in Montana.
  • Crops for Biodiesel Research in Montana:
    This presentation by Duane Johnson in Whitefish covers cool-weather western Montana crops of winter canola and camelina (Whitefish, June 2006).
  • Contact List of Montana Biodiesel Permits, Licenses, and Other Considerations: This list of contacts contains a list of contacts for the most common permits, licenses, state tax incentives, and other considerations for biodiesel production and sale in Montana as of April 2009.
  • Commercial Biodiesel Production:
    This January 20008 University of Idaho power point presentation covers the general details of producing biodiesel on a commercial sale. Any biodiesel made beyond personal use is considered commercial.
  • Desirable Vegetable Oil Characteristics and Agronomic Aspects of Growing Safflower in Montana: was a July 2007 power point presentation presented by Dr. Jerry Bergman, Superintendent of the Montana Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Sidney, MT. The presentations summaries desirable characteristics for higher-value culinary and industrial oils from Montana oilseeds, and safflower, sunflower, and other oilseeds can be grown to produce these oils, and oil for biodiesel feedstock.
  • Developing Camelina Industry in the Western United States: Duane Johnson, Vice President Agricultural Development for the Camelina Company, Great Plains Oil & Exploration, Big Fork, MT, presented this information on Camelina and its comparison to other cool climate Western Montana Crops (October 2007).
  • Economics of Small Scale Biodiesel Production, by Joel Schumacher, MSU Extension Service, presented this in January 2008. The presentation provides some examples of using their on-line cost calculator and sensitivity analyses.
  • Juncea: An Oilseed Crop for the Northern High Plains: Marc Cartwright presented this introduction of Juncea, a new oilseed crop for Montana (January 2008).
  • Montana Manufacturing Extension Center, Making Bioproducts Companies More Successful:by Jim Haider, presented January 2008, has introduction and contact information for the MMEC's biodiesel and bioproducts companies.
  • Oilseed Processing: an overview of available technologies :
    Presented in Livingston by Joel Schumacher, MSU Bioproducts Institute to generally describe both chemical and mechanical extraction of oil from seed, small farm-size units, and some of the benefits and challenges of small oilseed presses. (Billings, January 2008)
  • Oilseed Crushing and Processing:
    Dr. Jon Van Gerpen of the University of Idaho and the National Biodiesel Education Program presented this overview of oilseed extraction processes at the Great Falls Workshop, February 2007.
  • Oilseed Production for Biodiesel in Montana:
    Chencgi Chen of the Montana State University Central Agricultural Research Station, Mocassin, MT, presented information on growing flaxseed, safflower, canola, mustard, rapeseed, sunflower, camelina, and soy in Montana. Contacts for more details on specific crops and locations are also included.
  • Portable Methanol Production Using Woody Waste, is a presentation by Kristiina Vogt, Professor Ecosystem Management, CFR Coordinator, Forest Systems and Bioenergy program, University of Washington; Vice-President Interforest LLC; Chair, Renewol LLC. The presentation describes why methanol from waste wood has the potential to make biodiesel and other transportation fuels more sustainable.
  • Montana State Motor Fuel Taxes and Incentives: Applicable fuel tax laws and incentives administered by the Montana Department of Transportation are included in this January 2008 presentation by Vanessa Olson. Other forms and FAQs are available on  the Montana Department of Transportation Homepage. Current Montana law identifies that biodiesel producers (even those making biodiesel for off-road and self-use) contact Montana Department of Transportation. Contact information can be found at MDT's overview and frequently asked questions pages.
  • Weighing Your Options, Assessing Feasibility Biodiesel:
    Sarah Hamlen, Meagher County Extension Service, outlines the need for conducting a feasibility analysis before starting to produce oilseeds or biodiesel in this power point presentation given at the January 2007 Livingston workshop. Such an analysis, formal or not, may be the best investment of time in a new or expanded enterprise.
  • Used fry oil or restaurant grease may be a source of feedstock oil to make biodiesel or other fuel, and federal law requires the reporting of collection and use of this material. Information on small biodiesel operators licenses using waste oils, greases and fats can be obtained by contacting Rick Thompson, DEQ,(406) 444-5345. for more information and for forms.
  • Straight Vegetable Oil Technology: The University of Montana College of Technology received a grant to document the use of straight vegetable oil in an organic farm tractor. Some of the first year results are presented (October 2007).
  • Biodiesel and Oilseed Business Models

    Earl Fisher Biofuels LLP: Brett Earl and Logan Fisher presented this October 2007 material on the first commercial biodiesel plant in Montana at Chester. Their focus is for a local seed market for producers that will be able to supply feed and fuel to the area and possibly beyond.

    Flathead Biodiesel is a company that currently raises and crushes camelina seed. The phased plan is to produce biodiesel (in Phase IV or V). This presentation shows how they have converted the family dairy with two, heated 5-ton per hour Chinese crushers used in series to produce oil and meal.

    Great Northern Growers, a producers cooperative: Gary Iverson, Executive Director of Great Northern Growers, presented this material on their work with camelina, feed, and other specialty crops of Montana (October 2007).

    Sustainable Systems LLC, Healthy Food, Secure and Energy Efficient: Paul Miller, President and CEO, presented this limited liability corporation business model of a crushing plant for edible oils expansion into biochemicals and fuels. Polson-Pablo workshop, October 2007.

Biodiesel and the TRUCK IN THE PARK PROJECT (TIPP) documents, presentations and files.

  • Truck in the Park Biodiesel Demonstration Project Department of Energy Project Summary Sheet. February 2006. A 6-page technical project status and summary report on the DEQ-Yellowstone National Park biodiesel demonstration that placed the first alternate fueled vehicle in the world's first national park.
  • H. Haines, J. Sacklin, and J. Evanoff. May 1999. Yellowstone National Park Evaluates Renewable, Alternative Fuels. Montana. Helena, Montana.
  • Project Seeks to Demonstrate Feasibility of Vegetable-based Fuel for Pollution Reduction in Yellowstone National Park: A 5-page general summary of TIPP. WP5.1 file ynpfuel.wpd
  • Report on the Truck in the Park Project: a 16-page paper detailing TIPP as of December 1996. Word Perfect 5.1 (DOS) file: tipapafv.wp
  • Biel, M. J., H. E. Hoekstra, and K. A. Gunther. November 1995. Bear Attractant Test of Alternate Fuel Rapeseed Ethyl Ester. Bear Management Office, Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service. Yellowstone NP, WY.
  • Detailed Emissions Testing to Promote Commercial Development of Biodiesel Fuel: a 2-page summary of biodiesel emissions testing at Southwest Research Institute supporting TIPP. WP5.1 file: swriyrbk.wp
  • Comprehensive Emissions and Chemical Characterization of Rapeseed Oil-derived Biodiesel in Support of the Truck in the Park Project: a 6-page technical summary and status report of the testing at Southwest Research Institute. WP5.1 file: swripsum.wp
  • Sharp, Christopher A., Howard E. Haines. November 1996. Emissions and Lubricants Evaluation of Rapeseed Derived Biodiesel Fuels. EDG-93-7549, SwRI 7507, Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Helena, Montana.
  • Kado, N. Y., P. A. Kuzmicky, H. E. Haines, and R. A. Okamoto, November 1996. Chemical and Bioassay Analyses of Diesel and Biodiesel Particulate Matter: Pilot Study, EDG-95-7561. Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Helena, Montana.
  • Kado, N. Y., T. Huang. P. A. Kuzmicky, and H. E. Haines. January 2001. Truck-in-the-Park II: Chemical and Bioassay Analyses of Diesel and Biodiesel Particulate Matter. Final Report, EDG-95-7561. Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Helena, Montana.

SNOWMOBILE IN THE PARK PROJECT (SIPP) DOCUMENTS

  • Snowmobiles in Yellowstone: Biomass Alternatives to Reduce Pollution: a 7-page overview of the problems and proposed activities to reduce problems with snowmobiles and 2-stroke engines. WP5.1 file: snoyrb1.wp
  • Biomass Alternatives for Snowmobiles: Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Bio-based Options for Emissions Reduction in 2-Stroke Snowmobile Engines in Yellowstone National Park, Snowmobile in the Park: a 5-page technical summary of the DOE-funded SIPP (project summary sheet) WP5.1 file: snowsum.wp
  • Hare, Charles T. and Karl J. Springer. September 1974. Snowmobile Engine Emissions and Their Impact. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE), New York, NY 1001. SAE 740735
  • Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Pollution Prevention Bureau. March 1998. How to Make Your Snow Machine Environmentally Friendly. Helena, Montana.
  • National Park Service, Air Resources Division. December 1995. Motor Vehicle Emissions at Park Entrances—Snowmobile Use in Yellowstone National Park, Draft Final Report. Denver, Colorado.
  • Snook, Lori. 1995. A Proposal: An Investigation of Driver Exposure to Carbon Monoxide While Traveling Behind Another Snowmobile. University of Tennessee. Knoxville, TN.
  • Sylvester, James, Marlene Nesary. Snowmobiling in Montana. Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Montana, October 1994.
  • White, Jeff J., James N. Carroll, Jacline G. Lourenco and Ann Downing Laali. December 1993. Baseline and Controlled Exhaust Emissions from Off-Highway Vehicle Engines. Southwest Research Institute and the California Air Resource Board. Society of Automotive Engineers International. Pisa, Italy. SAE 931541.
  • Patschull J. and P. Roth. 1994. Measurement and Reduction of Particles Emitted fro a Two-Stroke Engine. Society of Automotive Engineers International. New York, NY 10011. 941683.
  • Hare, Charles T. and James N. Carroll. December 1993. Reactivity of Exhaust Emissions from a Small Two-Stroke Engine and a Small Four-Stroke Engine Operating on Gasoline and LPG. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE), New York, NY 1001. SAE 931540. (Large Print) This paper compares emissions of gasoline, liquid petroleum gas (LPG, predominately propane), aliphatic gasoline (contains no oxygenates and virtually no sulfur, aromatics, or olefins), and pure propane used in a weed trimmer and lawnmower engine.
  • Hare, Charles T. and Jeff J. White. October 1991. Toward the Environmentally-Friendly Small Engine: Fuel, Lubricant and Emission Measurement Issues. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE), New York, NY 1001. SAE 911222. (Large Print) This paper describes 3 projects that focus on the interrelationships of fuels lubricants and emissions in 2-stroke engines. Fuels compared include an "industry average" gasoline, reformulated MTBE gasoline, reformulated ethanol gasoline and aliphatic gasoline. Lube oils evaluated in the 2-stroke engines included mineral (petroleum), synthetic, and blended types.